The Five Stages Of Social Penetration Theory - 1364 Words

The Five Stages of Social Penetration Theory In life as a human being you will encounter many people that enter into your life and exit it as well. Some of these people at times can leave a lasting attachment with you. After the two of you having a long relationship together. In Fact, there are many types of relationship titles that you may resort to when explaining a person that is in your life to other people. These relationships names that you may use at times to describe your relationship that person that is in your life at the moment can be an acquaintance, a friend, a family member(mom, dad, brother, etc.), or someone you are dating. Now you simply can not automatically create these certain relationships with someone off in just†¦show more content†¦Lasly, small talk is painless and cost -free for the two strangers. The reason this is because they will not be providing too much simply by exchanging their names and the major that they are learning with one another. In fact, if they do not proceed on to more perso nal matters, they actually only exposed very little. For example, when you are at a party. You are standing by yourself in a corner of the room. When suddenly a person approaches you and ask you to a dance. To get comfortable with them they tell you their name and age. You then to decide to also tell them your name and age as well. Finally, you the both of you then go to dance. The second stage is exploratory affective exchange. This is when commutation between these two strangers is more open and comfortable, less scripted. This is because the information that they share goes farther than just a short conversation ( Beauchamp and Baran, 2017). This will then allow the two people to then break the ice between them. If they then realize that this stage is rewarding they will then be more giving with moving forward to the next stage in Social Penetration Theory, which will be building a relationship (Smith, 2002). According to Beauchamp and Baran (2017) affective exchange is the third stage. This is when your close friends and romantic partners stay inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of 500 Days Of Summer1714 Words   |  7 Pagescommunication theory. In this paper, I would like to focus on the social penetration theory revealed in 500 Days of Summer. In this movie, some essential perspectives of penetration theory are revealed: depth and breadth of penetration, sta ges of the penetration theory, and verbal and non-verbal communication. In this essay, I am going to discuss these three characteristics revealed in the movie, 500 Days of Summer with my observations. First of all, depth and breadth of penetration is revealed inRead MoreThe Breakfast Club Movie Analysis1668 Words   |  7 PagesThe Breakfast Club, produced in 1985, is a famous film about five strangers who at first glance, seem to all be extremely different. 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The reason I choose both these theories focus on initial interactions with stingers and how relationships develop. The social penetration theory is an objective theory (A First Look at Communication, page 93) uses the example of peeling an onionRead MoreModern Family Has Won The Emmy For Outstanding Comedy Series For Five Years1008 Words   |  5 Pages Five years. Modern Family has won the Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series for five years in a row. Modern Family is an American situation comedy or better known as a sitcom; meaning it’s humor is based on situations that arise from everyday life. The sitcom follows three families interrelated through Jay Pritchett, the patriarch of the show, and his two children Claire and Mitchell. Pritchett is remarried to Gloria and helping raise his step-son Manny and their son Joe. Claire is married to PhilRead MoreSocial Penetration T heory On Our Private Life1827 Words   |  8 PagesSocial Penetration Theory Opening up to strangers about our private life is something that usually takes time as the relationship develops. As you grow closer with someone you slowly start to unveil a little more about yourself. This idea is known as the Social Penetration Theory and there are five stages included: the orientation stage, the exploratory stage, the affective stage, the stable stage and the de-penetration stage. Social Penetration Theory shows how people develop deeper friendshipsRead MoreFilm Analysis - Social Penetration Theory in the Breakfast Club2129 Words   |  9 PagesSocial Penetration Theory in The Breakfast Club The Social Penetration Theory, adapted by Irwin Altman and Dalmas Taylor, is based on the idea that people are layered like onions, (Griffin 133). These layers are made up by different things that hide an individual’s true self. One’s true self can include his or her hopes, fears, likes, dislikes, aspirations and other things that one thinks about. For individuals to become close, they must get past all of the facades and disclose their trueRead MoreIntercultural And Interracial Friendships And Cultural Relationships Essay1200 Words   |  5 Pagesinterracial friendships from a social penetration perspective. Journal of intercultural communication research, 38(2), 77-98. doi:10.1080/17475750903395408 In this article the researchers explored what the influences of culture have on self-disclosure in intercultural and interracial friendships and relationships in the United States. These friendships and relationships face obstacles and challenges. The focus on intercultural and interracial friendships and relationships has social and practical implicationsRead MoreRelationships And Relationships : Friendships And Intimate Relationships783 Words   |  4 PagesFriendships and Intimate Relationships Describe how the five factors of personal attraction affect friendships and intimate relationships. The five factors that predict interpersonal relationships are: proximity, familiarity, similarity, physical appearance, and reciprocity. Proximity refers to the geographical location of persons. People are more likely to initiate, engage, or maintain relationships if someone’s geographical location is near or convenient to the person they are to pursue. Relationships

The, Ignorance Is Bliss, By Albert Einstein And Steven...

There is a famous saying that goes, â€Å"Ignorance is bliss;† when superficially examining this saying, one might conclude that some things are better left unknown. After analyzing the maxim, one might be provoked to ask if an omniscient mind is superior. After all, it is geniuses such as Albert Einstein and Steven Hawking who acclaim their fame from their brilliance. Although the perception of knowledge varies, when earned, knowledge engenders an enlightenment and purity of mind; however, as evinced by Plato, the Schaibles, and Francis, knowledge is difficult to attain and has negative side effects. When gained, one’s idea of knowledge proves to be illuminating and beneficial to his or her mind’s purity. Plato believes that â€Å"in the world of knowledge the idea of good appears last of all, and is seen only with an effort; and, when seen, is also inferred to be the universal author of all things beautiful and right, parent of light and of the lord of li ght in this visible world, and the immediate source of reason and truth in the intellectual.† It is wholesome knowledge that provides truth, and truth, in turn, provides understanding. The â€Å"light† that Plato describes as a result of having knowledge is a symbol of purity, clarity, and truth; it provides an intellectual illumination of reason and awareness of all things good and beautiful. Accordingly, what Plato criticizes as â€Å"darkness,† or ignorance, the Schaibles perceive as their own from of truth and wisdom. TheShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesUniversity Brenda McAleer, University of Maine at Augusta Christina McCale, Regis College Don McCormick, California State University Northridge James McElroy, Iowa State University Bonnie McNeely, Murray State University Melony Mead, University of Phoenix Steven Meisel, La Salle Universi ty Nancy Meyer-Emerick, Cleveland State University Catherine Michael, St. Edwards University Sandy Miles, Murray State University Janice Miller, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee Leann Mischel, Susquehanna University Atul

Eco-tourism Free Essays

Eco-tourism is more than a catch phrase for nature loving travel and recreation. Eco-tourism is consecrated for preserving and sustaining the diversity of the world’s natural and cultural environments. It accommodates and entertains visitors in a way that is minimally intrusive or destructive to the environment and sustains supports the native cultures in the locations it is operating in. We will write a custom essay sample on Eco-tourism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Responsibility of both travellers and service providers is the genuine meaning for eco-tourism. Eco-tourism also endeavours to encourage and support the diversity of local economies for which the tourism-related income is important. With support from tourists, local services and producers can compete with larger, foreign companies and local families can support themselves. Besides all these, the revenue produced from tourism helps and encourages governments to fund conservation projects and training programs. Saving the environment around you and preserving the natural luxuries and forest life, that’s what eco-tourism is all about. Whether it’s about a nature camp or organizing trekking trips towards the unspoilt and inaccessible regions, one should always keep in mind not to create any mishap or disturbance in the life cycle of nature. Eco-tourism focuses on local cultures, wilderness adventures, volunteering, personal growth and learning new ways to live on our vulnerable planet. It is typically defined as travel to destinations where the flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the primary attractions. Responsible Eco-tourism includes programs that minimize the adverse effects of traditional tourism on the natural environment, and enhance the cultural integrity of local people. Therefore, in addition to evaluating environmental and cultural factors, initiatives by hospitality providers to promote recycling, energy efficiency, water reuse, and the creation of economic opportunities for local communities are an integral part of Eco-tourism. Historical, biological and cultural conservation, preservation, sustainable development etc. are some of the fields closely related to Eco-Tourism. Many professionals have been involved in formulating and developing eco-tourism policies. They come from the fields of Geographic Information Systems, Wildlife Management, Wildlife Photography, Marine Biology and Oceanography, National and State Park Management, Environmental Sciences, Women in Development, Historians and Archaeologists, etc. Eco-tourism is considered the fastest growing market in the tourism industry, according to the World Tourism Organization with an annual growth rate of 5% worldwide and representing 6% of the world gross domestic product, 11. 4% of all consumer spending – not a market to be taken lightly. What is Eco-tourism? Fundamentally, eco-tourism means making as little environmental impact as possible and helping to sustain the indigenous populace, thereby encouraging the preservation of wildlife and habitats when visiting a place. This is responsible form of tourism and tourism development, which encourages going back to natural products in every aspect of life. It is also the key to sustainable ecological development. The International Eco-tourism Society defines eco-tourism as â€Å"responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people. This means that those who implement and participate in Eco-tourism activities should follow the following principles: Minimize impact Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect Provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts Provide direct financial benefits for conservation Provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people Raise sensitivity to host countries’ political, environmental, and social climate Support international human rights and labour agreements Aware of the Environment – Today the â€Å"Green Laws† of conservation are making people aware of how man and the environment can live symbiotically for more time to come and eco-tourism is the only way to maximize the economic, environmental and social benefits of tourism. Everyone is a stakeholder in the process and we clearly need to avoid our past shortcomings and negative impact that they have had. In India too the movement is gathering momentum with more and more travel and travel related organisation’s are addressing the needs of the eco-tourists and promoting eco-tourism in the country. Some basic do’s and don’ts of eco-tourism are listed below: Do’s Carry back all non-degradable litter such as empty bottles, tins, plastic bags etc. These must not litter the environment or be buried. They must be disposed in municipal dustbins only. Observe the sanctity of holy sites, temples and local cultures. Cut noise pollution. Do not blare aloud radios, tape recorders or other electronic entertainment equipment in nature resorts, sanctuaries and wildlife parks. In case temporary toilets are set-up near campsites, after defecation, cover with mud or sand. Make sure that the spot is at least 30 meters away from the water source. Respect people’s privacy while taking photographs. Ask for prior permission before taking a photograph. Don’ts Do not take away flora and fauna in the forms of cuttings, seeds or roots. It is illegal, especially in the Himalayas. The environment is really delicate in this region and the bio-diversity of the region has to be protected at all costs. Do not use pollutants such as detergent, in streams or springs while washing and bathing. Do not use wood as fuel to cook food at the campsite. Do not leave cigarettes butts or make open fires in the forests. Do not consume aerated drinks, alcohol, drugs or any other intoxicant and throw bottles in the wild. Do not tempt the locals, especially children by offering them foodstuff or sweets. Respect local traditions. Polythene and plastics are non biodegradable and unhealthy for the environment and must not be used and littered. As a traveller, you will have an impact on the environment and culture of the place you are visiting. Here are some rules of thumb to make this impact positive! Golden Rules When You Travel Learn about your destination before you get there. Read guidebooks, travel articles, histories, and/or novels by local authors and pay particular attention to customs such as greetings, appropriate dress, eating behaviours, etc. Being sensitive to these customs will increase local acceptance of you as a tourist and enrich your trip. Follow established guidelines. Ask your eco-tour operator, guide and/or the local authorities what their guidelines are for limiting tourism’s impact on the environment and local culture. Staying on trails, packing up your trash, and remaining set distances away from wildlife are a few ways to minimize your impact in sensitive areas. Seek out and support locally owned businesses. Support local businesses during your eco-travels to ensure maximum community and conservation benefit from your spending. Eco-Tourism in India is still at a very nascent stage, but there are for sure conscious efforts to save the fragile Himalayan Eco System and culture and heritage of the indigenous people, which is probably the largest concentration in the world. Holiday Camping vis a vis Hotel accommodation are gathering momentum amongst the metropolis traveller. A plethora of holiday camping options are available in the Himalayan belt, where soft adventure tourism is packaged with holiday camping to create an acceptable eco-tourism product. Resorts tucked deep inside jungles of Karnataka, House-boats of Kerala, Tree Houses at Vythiri combine to make India one of the most diverse eco-tourism destinations on the planet. How to cite Eco-tourism, Essay examples

International Journal Of Economy Management-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The International Journal Of Economy Management? Answer: Introduction Globalisation has created a competitive nature in the market raising the demand of quality being delivered to the customers. The demand of maintaining high quality for the products exists in the organisations regardless of the industry. Both manufacturers and service providers require delivering top quality for whatever they are selling to the customers for holding competitive position in the market. This supplemented in the formation of Total Quality Management, which is a systematic approach. It is necessary for the companies the TQM perspective by adequate planning and implementing a constant organisational improvement process. This helps them in gaining competitive advantage in the market by identifying problems, building commitments and exceeding customers expectation. It is necessary for contemporary business organisations to follow the principles proposed in the TQM to identify the quality being delivered to the customers (Kalra and Pant 2013). This essay aims to identify the total quality management of Toyota by analysing the three key principles namely commitment, customer orientation and continuous improvement. This will focus on identification of level of achievement attained by the multinational company I work in and barriers faced by the company in the attainment process. The essay further recommends the necessary modifications that can contribute in attaining the quality narrated in the TQM principles. TQM Principles Total Quality Management from its philosophical stance integrates all its functions for meeting the need of focusing on meeting the customer needs and organisational objectives. This management philosophy was formulated back in 1950 and underwent numerous modifications. The philosophy gained its popularity in 1980s. The managements in contemporary business organisations use this as a method that enables them to get involved in the continuous improvement of the product manufacturing and services delivered to the customers. Kalra and Pant (2013) described TQM as an accumulation of the management tools whose primary focus is to increase business while reducing losses due to the wasteful practices. There are a number of principles communicated by various scholars, out of which, five principles are considered as the primary due to its importance in quality management of a business process. They are management commitments, employee empowerment, fact based decision-making, continuous improv ement and customer focus (Gimenez-Espin, Jimnez-Jimnez and Martnez-Costa 2013). However, management commitment, continuous improvement and customer focus is prioritised over the rest of the principles due to their important contribution in quality management. Commitment involves the input of both the managers and employees in the product development process. Necessity for calculating the commitment of both for identifying the effort put in the process for identifying the efficiency of the development process of the quality product. From the perspective of employee commitment, the participation of the employee towards the organisational goal is calculated. From the managerial perspective on the other hand identifies the need of quality committee, plan formulation, policymaking, strategy implementation and review of the process. This ensures the success of the process that assures quality of the product being delivered to the customers. Continuous Improvement guideline communicated through this principle on the other hand identifies the need of analysing the way the product is being developed. As described by Gimenez-Espin, Jimnez-Jimnez and Martnez-Costa (2013), the principle of continuous improvement looks for the efficiency of a product development process and identifies the gap for improving the process. This further incorporates the evaluation of the employees and their performance for understanding the capability and scope for innovati0n that will further increase the productivity of the firm. The team with better performance is likely to provide quality products and services to the customers of the organisation. The principle further calls for cross-functional process management, attain, maintain and improve standards. Customer Orientation according to Gimenez-Espin, Jimnez-Jimnez and Martnez-Costa (2013) identifies the need of customers focused products. This principle communicates the need of manufacturing products according to the need of customers and maintaining the product quality according to the demand for satisfying the need. This principle further reviews the communication process taken by the company for reaching out their customers in the target market. The complete process includes the product, its functionality, attribution, convenience and the means of communication of the products details to the customers. According to Herzallah, Gutirrez-Gutirrez and Munoz Rosas (2014), the quality of a product is considered as good only if it satisfies the customers need and hold greater perceived value compared to the other similar products in the market. Hence, the quality of the product is proportionate to the value it holds among the customers. The management process of the quality in an organisation on the other hand as prescribed by Mohammad Mosadeghrad (2014) is the complete process of need identification of the customers and working towards the similar aim. This further involves the planning process, evaluation, implementation of the plan and directing the workforce towards the aim. The principles proposed by TQM convey the standards to be maintained in the process for delivering quality products to the customers. Company Analysis The company I had worked in is a multinational company that delivers products and services to the target international customers. The company includes three elements of quality that they require to maintain that are innovation, customers and employee management. The company values the contribution of the employees as they consider them as the building block for maintaining the quality of their products. This leads them to hire the employees who have greater experience on specific field and has the potential to develop innovative products for the organisation. The company adopted multilevel evaluation for the process of employing new workers into the organisation that includes group discussion, skill test and personal interview. The company further offers the employees various training programs for developing the skills for satisfying the customers needs. This also works as a motivational factor for the employees to retain interest towards their work and the organisation. This in turn helps the organisation in retaining the employees with greater commitment towards product development that ensures the greater quality. Moreover, the employee integration in the decision making process amplifies the sense of responsibility among the employees th at further facilitates in increasing the level of commitment of the employees. Moreover, the company has incentive policies for distributing rewards that keep them motivated and encourage them to contribute towards the organisational goal. The management on the other hand follows cross-cultural leadership for addressing the multicultural workforce of the company. This helps them motivating the employees towards the goals of the organisation. The management of the company further developed the performance review matrix that helps in identifying the development required by particular individuals. Moreover, they have developed CSR policies for addressing the environmental issues in the market in which they are operating. This requires them to formulate specific CSR policies for different markets as the particular company operates in the international market, under different legislation. However, the company follows a general CSR policy for all their operational markets around the globe that weakens the implacability of the policy. The management commitment principle as communicated in TQM as described in the earlier section communicates the guideline for providing greater quality of the products that includes various management processes which needs implementation as per the requirement. However, the primary objective of the principle as proposed by Goetsch and Davis (2014) is to attain maximum efficiency of the workforce for developing quality products. However, the multinational company under study reflects limitations in their management process. As mentioned earlier, the company prioritises the customers in their product development for holding competitive advantage in the market by meeting the customers demands and specifications. This helps them in providing customers satisfaction that in turn helps in increasing brand value. The increased brand value on the other hand helps them in building customer loyalty. This can be attributed as the determinant factors for the company in prioritising the customers perception in the product development. The customer-oriented nature of the business is meet through need identification, satisfaction and individual need identification. The company ensures the needs are met or even exceeds the customers needs. The process of need identification involves market analysis that helps the company identifying the existing trend in the market along with the possible upcoming trend that is likely to dominate the market. Market analysis involves various market surveys and trend analysis. The research division of the company again looks this after. They are responsible for collecting, analysing and storing the data. The satisfaction of the customers can be considered as the centre of the companys vision and mission. The overall vision of the company is to provide quality product in accordance to the customers needs for satisfaction and value creation. The overall team of the company is involved in the process for maintaining the product quality being delivered. This involves the activities ranging from product development, product promotion, product marketing, supply chain management for on time delivery to market research for understanding the current sales and upcoming trend. The retails store activities and services are checked for ensuring the primary target customers of the company are satisfied. The attainment of success is determined through the feedback approach taken by the company. This helps them understanding the customers perception towards the products company is delivering to their customers. The company further respects the individual need of the customers. This directed the comp any to deliver a wide range of product line for satisfying a larger customer segment in the target market. This again leads them to stratify the market offering different products with different pricing for satisfying individual customers needs. Moreover, the quality assurance and control policies incorporated by the company guarantees high quality and safety of the product. The manufacturing process is reviewed under multiple product testing stages incorporated in the product development process. Moreover, the company has on spot quality check during the manufacturing that helps in increasing the perceived value of the products. On to it, the CSR policies of the company helps them uphold the environmental safety maintained by the company in the process of production. This again contributes in increasing product value. From the TQM point of view, the company has attained success in following customer orientation principle in the quality management process. Customer orientation principle as mentioned by Gharakhani et al (2013) involves the necessary steps required for both satisfying and measuring the level of satisfaction of the customers. The company invests a lump sum in their research and development of the products. This involves product life cycle review in accordance to the customers need. The constant review of the need is required for introducing innovative products in the market in order to attract customers attention. This is mainly done through the market study conducted by the company using market analysis tools. Moreover, further importance of the division serves in developing the future generation products for the customers. The development department of the company is focused on designing the products according to the customers needs. The company is successful in producing data related to the needs and developing products accordingly that helped them in holding greater market share in the international market. The modification of the products is constant in the company, which enables them to reintroduce the products in the market for satisfying the customers demand. The concept products of the company re present the outlooks that are to enter the market for next generation customers. This represents the successful alignment of the with the mission and vision statement of the company as it accommodates innovation. Barrier Identification The company however, faces considerable challenge in satisfying specific needs of the individual. As the products delivered to the customers are standardised products, it is hard for the company in the process (Ferner and Almond 2013). However, customisation of the products will provide the company in gaining greater efficiency towards customer satisfaction. However, this will increase the costing of the product, which in turn will modify the pricing of the products. This is a huge barrier for the company in their customer focus approach in the international market. Moreover, the company requires modification in the process of data collection regarding the experience. The contemporary feedback system is proving ineffective in the changing world (Black and IVERIFICATION SERVICES LLC 2013). This in contemporary market becoming barrier for the company to continue with existing system and requires modernised tool that integrates technological advancement. Moreover, the need identificatio n process utilised is market analysis, which fails in complete identification of the trend in the contemporary market. This also is becoming a barrier for the company in addressing the needs of the customers in their target market. Lastly, the company has developed and followed CSR policy in the product manufacturing process. However, the absence of CSR policies in other process such as supply chain is a barrier in addressing the customer-focused principle of TQM (Ayuso, Roca and Colom 2013). Some of the barriers as identified in the report are the absence of internal feedback mechanism that needs incorporation within the workplace. This limits the international communication of the organisation (Huang, Baptista and Galliers 2013). Moreover, the cross-cultural leadership as utilised by the organisation limits the ability of motivating and directing the workforce towards the goal of the company. On to it, the objective of the company is too generalised and fails to focus on particular aspect. This according to the TQM principle of innovation is properly aligned. As stated by Bon and Mustafa (2013), a company needs to constantly innovate its operational process for developing innovative products that will satisfy the market need. Constant improvement in the organisation according to the TQM constant innovation principle will help the company holding their market share in the target market. For example, Toyota Motor Corporation of Japan has been successfully holding their international market share due to the innovative approach of the company and the vision of providing future generation products to the customers (Toivonen 2015). Similar but different example can be sighted for the case of Tesla, which is an American automobile organisation. The cars manufactured by the company are eco-friendly and considered as future technology of automobile industry. However, the company is failing in holding greater market share due to its high end pricing, which again can be attribute d to the high production cost (Christensen, Raynor and McDonald 2015). However, despite of focusing on innovation practices, the company is facing significant challenge meeting customers demand. This can be attributed to the cost barriers. The production cost for developing the products as envisioned is considerably high that reduces the profit margin of the company (Klychova et al 2015). Some of the costing that plays active role in increasing the production cost are the price of raw materials, labour costs, transport cost etc. (Ellram et al 2013). This can be considered as a significant barrier in the innovation process both admired by the company and narrated in the principle of TQM. The company is further failing in developing innovative products due to the high production cost. Recommendations The barriers identified can be considered as common challenges faced by a multinational enterprise. Negligence of these challenges significantly reduces the product quality, which makes it important for the organisations to mitigate the issues with maximum priorities. Following are some of the recommendation that can improve the situation of the company and direct them achieving the principles of total quality management. Barriers identified in the previous section on the management commitment limits the efficiency of the company. The internal feedback system as identified can considerably increase the efficiency in performance identification. Integration of employee feedback application in this case can potentially benefit the company by increasing the motivation level of the company. Benefit as identified by Guo et al (2014) is in encouraging the employees by communicating the performance level and appreciating them for the job well done. This can also be used to communicate job description to the employees. Integration of the application will also facilitate the employees to communicate their valuable feedback regarding the workplace environment and the management. This will help the company identify the areas with the workplace that needs attention. The recommendation will also be welcomed from the employees for formulating ideas regarding the improvement process that can successfully modify the w orkplace environment. Change in leadership style is another modification required for developing greater commitment. Changing the cross-cultural leadership to transformational leadership as identified by Top et al (2013) will provide greater efficiency in motivating the employees that will redirect their focus towards the organisational goals. Moreover, the transformational leadership will facilitate in supporting the change that are being recommendation. The implication of transformational leadership also lies in improving the innovative approach of the company. According to Avolio and Yammarino (2013), transformational leaders have the ability to both communicate and extract innovative ideas. Hence, the implementation of the particular leadership style will facilitate in attaining multiple principles communicated through the TQM. Expanding the manufacturing to the developing countries as recommended earlier will help in reducing the production cost. This has further implication in attaining the customer-focused principle of TQM. The lower production cost will help changing the product category from standardisation to customisable product. This will enable the customer receive products specific to their need without major alteration in the pricing of the products. Furthermore, the company needs to develop their general CSR policy. This is because of the international operation of the business. The international organisations require specific CSR policies for their operations in particular nations that should be developed in accordance to the country legislation. Hence, to could be recommended to the company to formulate country specific CSR policies for increasing the quality of their products and services (Stellner, Klein and Zwergel 2015). Moreover, the company follows CSR policy in their production process, whereas, they do not have any policy for the supply chain. Hence, separate policy regarding the supply chain is required to develop for completely addressing the issue of environmental safety. Barrier regarding the customer feedback can be solved with the development of company App. This according to Helander et al (2014) is the modern trend used for gathering customer review. The application will help both the company and the customers in receiving and providing feedback respectively. This will enable the customers to provide feedback and submit complaints related to the used products without having to visit the companys service provides. Company will further reduce their expenses by implementing the application, as this will delete the need of outdoor feedback survey. Moreover, the application can also be utilised in conducting market survey for need identification. The loyal customers of the company will be provided opportunity for sharing their specific recommendation with the company stating their particular product need. The next recommendation that can be provided is the utilisation of social networking websites for collecting customers view. The increased technological advancement and adaptation will support the utilisation of social networking in conducting survey. The target market reflects high utilisation of technology and social networking on daily basis. According to He, Zha and Li (2013), utilisation of social networking for conducting customer need survey will help an organisation in efficient data collection maintaining low budget for research division. Hence, implementation of this particular recommendation will help the company in both getting efficiency in data collection while significantly reducing the cost involved. Lastly, the company is facing challenge in reducing the production cost that significantly decreases the quality of the products, which fails in satisfying the customer needs. The company is further failing in developing innovative products due to the high production cost. Two possible solutions can be recommended. According to Dolgui and Proth (2013), outsourcing can significantly reduce the production cost incurred by an organisation. Implementation of outsourcing in supply chain can provide further benefits to the company by reducing the transportation cost. Another benefit of using outsourcing lies in significantly reducing the risk incurred by the company. However, as identified by Cortes and Pan (2013), this can significantly reduce the quality of the product being delivered due to minimal control of the production process. The second recommendation in this case that can be made is the FDI. This recommends the company to open manufacturing facility in the developing countries. The benefits of this planning involves in reducing the labour cost in the production process (Haberly and Wjcik 2014). This will further benefit the company in maintaining the product quality as the regulation of production process will remain intact and the company will have full control over the process. Conclusion It is possible to state from the above discussion that the company has successfully addressed the mentioned principles of total quality management for their quality management. However, they are lacking in certain sections of quality management process that is limiting the full potential of the company. It is further increasing the expenses incurred. The provided recommendations on the identified barriers can help the company in exploring its full capabilities, simultaneously reducing their incurred expenses. Reference Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. eds., 2013. Introduction to, and overview of, transformational and charismatic leadership. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead 10th Anniversary Edition(pp. xxvii-xxxiii). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Ayuso, S., Roca, M. and Colom, R., 2013. SMEs as transmitters of CSR requirements in the supply chain.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,18(5), pp.497-508. Black, J.K., IVERIFICATION SERVICES LLC, 2013.Systems and methods for providing and obtaining validated customer feedback information. U.S. Patent 8,473,304. Bon, A.T. and Mustafa, E.M., 2013. Impact of total quality management on innovation in service organizations: Literature review and new conceptual framework.Procedia Engineering,53, pp.516-529. Christensen, C.M., Raynor, M.E. and McDonald, R., 2015. What is disruptive innovation.Harvard Business Review,93(12), pp.44-53. Cortes, P. and Pan, J., 2013. Outsourcing household production: Foreign domestic workers and native labor supply in Hong Kong. Journal of Labor Economics, 31(2), pp.327-371. Dolgui, A. and Proth, J.M., 2013. Outsourcing: definitions and analysis.International Journal of Production Research,51(23-24), pp.6769-6777. Ellram, L.M., Tate, W.L. and Petersen, K.J., 2013. Offshoring and reshoring: an update on the manufacturing location decision.Journal of Supply Chain Management,49(2), pp.14-22. Ferner, A. and Almond, P., 2013. Performance and reward practices in foreign multinationals in the UK.Human Resource Management Journal,23(3), pp.241-261. Gharakhani, D., Rahmati, H., Farrokhi, M.R. and Farahmandian, A., 2013. Total quality management and organizational performance.American Journal of Industrial Engineering,1(3), pp.46-50. Gimenez-Espin, J.A., Jimnez-Jimnez, D. and Martnez-Costa, M., 2013. Organizational culture for total quality management.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,24(5-6), pp.678-692. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Guo, Y., Liao, J., Liao, S. and Zhang, Y., 2014. The mediating role of intrinsic motivation on the relationship between developmental feedback and employee job performance.Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal,42(5), pp.731-741. Haberly, D. and Wjcik, D., 2014. Tax havens and the production of offshore FDI: an empirical analysis.Journal of Economic Geography,15(1), pp.75-101. He, W., Zha, S. and Li, L., 2013. Social media competitive analysis and text mining: A case study in the pizza industry.International Journal of Information Management,33(3), pp.464-472. Helander, E., Kaipainen, K., Korhonen, I. and Wansink, B., 2014. Factors related to sustained use of a free mobile app for dietary self-monitoring with photography and peer feedback: retrospective cohort study.Journal of medical Internet research,16(4). Herzallah, A.M., Gutirrez-Gutirrez, L. and Munoz Rosas, J.F., 2014. Total quality management practices, competitive strategies and financial performance: the case of the Palestinian industrial SMEs.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,25(5-6), pp.635-649. Huang, J., Baptista, J. and Galliers, R.D., 2013. Reconceptualizing rhetorical practices in organizations: The impact of social media on internal communications.Information Management,50(2-3), pp.112-124. Kalra, N. and Pant, A., 2013. Critical success factors of total quality management in the Indian automotive industry (NCR).International Journal of Economy, Management and Social Sciences,2(8), pp.620-625. Klychova, G.S., Zakirova, A.R., Zakirov, Z.R. and Valieva, G.R., 2015. Management aspects of production cost accounting in horse breeding.Asian Social Science,11(11), p.308. Mohammad Mosadeghrad, A., 2014. Essentials of total quality management: a meta-analysis.International journal of health care quality assurance,27(6), pp.544-558. Stellner, C., Klein, C. and Zwergel, B., 2015. Corporate social responsibility and Eurozone corporate bonds: The moderating role of country sustainability.Journal of Banking Finance,59, pp.538-549. Toivonen, T., 2015. Continuous innovationcombining Toyota Kata and TRIZ for sustained innovation.Procedia engineering,131, pp.963-974. Top, M., Tarcan, M., Tekingndz, S. and Hikmet, N., 2013. An analysis of relationships among transformational leadership, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and organizational trust in two Turkish hospitals.The International journal of health planning and management,28(3).

The Effects of Lsd free essay sample

LSD was first synthesized on November 16, 1938 by Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann at the Sandoz Laboratories in Basel, Switzerland as part of a large research program searching for medically useful ergot alkaloid derivatives. LSDs psychedelic properties were discovered 5 years later when Hofmann himself accidentally ingested an unknown quantity of the chemical. The first intentional ingestion of LSD occurred on April 19, 1943, when Hofmann ingested 250 mg of LSD. He said this would be a threshold dose based on the dosages of other ergot alkaloids. Hofmann found the effects to be much stronger than he anticipated. Sandoz Laboratories introduced LSD as a psychiatric drug in 1947. Beginning in the 1950s the US Central Intelligence Agency began a research program code named Project MKULTRA. Experiments included administering LSD to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, other government agents, prostitutes, mentally ill patients, and members of the general public in order to study their reactions, usually without the subjects knowledge. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Lsd or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The project was revealed in the US congressional Rockefeller Commission report in 1975. In 1963 the Sandoz patents expired on LSD. Also in 1963, the US Food and Drug Administration classified LSD as an Investigational New Drug, which meant new restrictions on medical and scientific use. [ Several figures, including Aldous Huxley, Timothy Leary, and Al Hubbard, began to advocate the consumption of LSD. LSD became central to the counterculture of the 1960s. On October 24, 1968, possession of LSD was made illegal in the United States. The last FDA approved study of LSD in patients ended in 1980, while a study in healthy volunteers was made in the late 1980s. Legally approved and regulated psychiatric use of LSD continued in Switzerland until 1993. Today, medical research is resuming around the world. Lysergic acid diethylamide, abbreviated LSD or LSD-25, also known as lysergide (INN) and colloquially as acid, is a semisynthetic psychedelic drug of the ergoline family, well known for its psychological effects which can include altered thinking processes, closed and open eye visuals, synesthesia, an altered sense of time and spiritual experiences, as well as for its key role in 1960s counterculture. It is used mainly as an entheogen, recreational drug, and as an agent in psychedelic therapy. LSD is non-addictive, is not known to cause brain damage, and has extremely low toxicity relative to dose. However, adverse psychiatric reactions such as anxiety, paranoia, and delusions are possible. LSD was first synthesized by Albert Hofmann in 1938 from ergotamine, a chemical derived by Arthur Stoll from ergot, a grain fungus that typically grows on rye. The short form LSD comes from its early code name LSD-25, which is an abbreviation for the German Lysergsaure-diethylamid followed by a sequential number. LSD is sensitive to oxygen, ultraviolet light, and chlorine, especially in solution, though its potency may last for years if it is stored away from light and moisture at low temperature. In pure form it is a colorless, odorless, tasteless solid. LSD is typically delivered orally, usually on a substrate such as absorbent blotter paper, a sugar cube, or gelatin. In its liquid form, it can also be administered by intramuscular or intravenous injection. LSD is very potent, with 20–30 Â µg (micrograms) being the threshold dose. New experiments with LSD have started in 2009 for the first time in 40 years. Introduced by Sandoz Laboratories, with trade-name Delysid, as a drug with various psychiatric uses in 1947, LSD quickly became a therapeutic agent that appeared to show great promise. In the 1950s, officials at the U. S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) thought the drug might be applicable to mind control and chemical warfare; the agencys MKULTRA research program propagated the drug among young servicemen and students. The subsequent recreational use of the drug by youth culture in the Western world during the 1960s led to a political firestorm that resulted in its prohibition. Currently, a number of organizations—including the Beckley Foundation, MAPS, Heffter Research Institute and the Albert Hofmann Foundation—exist to fund, encourage and coordinate research into the medicinal and spiritual uses of LSD and related psychedelics. LSD can cause pupil dilation, reduced or increased appetite, and wakefulness. Other physical reactions to LSD are highly variable and nonspecific, some of which may be secondary to the psychological effects of LSD. Among the reported symptoms are numbness, weakness, nausea, hypothermia or hyperthermia, elevated blood sugar, goose bumps, heart rate increase, jaw clenching, perspiration, saliva production, mucus production, sleeplessness, hyperreflexia, and tremors. Some users, including Albert Hofmann, report a strong metallic taste for the duration of the effects. LSD is not considered addictive by the medical community. Rapid tolerance build-up prevents regular use,[citation needed] and cross-tolerance has been demonstrated between LSD, mescaline[ and psilocybin. This tolerance diminishes after a few days after cessation of use and is probably caused by down regulation of 5-HT2A receptors in the brain. LSDs psychological effects (colloquially called a trip) vary greatly from person to person, depending on factors such as previous experiences, state of mind and environment, as well as dose strength. They also vary from one trip to another, and even as time pass during a single trip. An LSD trip can have long-term psych emotional effects; some users cite the LSD experience as causing significant changes in their personality and life perspective [citation needed]. Widely different effects emerge based on what Timothy Leary called set and setting; the set being the general mindset of the user, and the setting being the physical and social environment in which the drugs effects are experienced. Some psychological effects may include an experience of radiant colors, objects and surfaces appearing to ripple or breathe, colored patterns behind the closed eyelids (eidetic imagery), an altered sense of time (time seems to be stretching, repeating itself, changing speed or stopping), crawling geometric patterns overlaying walls and other objects, morphing objects, a sense that ones thoughts are spiraling into themselves, loss of a sense of identity or the ego (known as ego death), and other powerful psycho-physical reactions. Many users experience dissolution between themselves and the outside world. This unitive quality may play a role in the spiritual and religious aspects of LSD. The drug sometimes leads to disintegration or restructuring of the users historical personality and creates a mental state that some users report allows them to have more choice regarding the nature of their own personality. If the user is in a hostile or otherwise unsettling environment, or is not mentally prepared for the powerful distortions in perception and thought that the drug causes, effects are more likely to be unpleasant than if he or she is in a comfortable environment and has a relaxed, balanced and open mindset. LSD causes an altered sensory experience of senses, emotions, memories, time, and awareness for 6 to 14 hours, depending on dosage and tolerance. Generally beginning within thirty to ninety minutes after ingestion, the user may experience anything from subtle changes in perception to overwhelming cognitive shifts. Changes in auditory and visual perception are typical. Visual effects include the illusion of movement of static surfaces (walls breathing), after mage-like trails of moving objects (tracers), the appearance of moving colored geometric patterns (especially with closed eyes), an intensification of colors and brightness (sparkling), new textures on objects, blurred vision, and shape suggestibility. Users commonly report that the inanimate world appears to animate in an unexplainable way; for instance, objects that are static in three dimensions can seem to be moving relative to one or more additional spatial dimensions. Many of the basic visual effects resemble the phosphine seen after applying pressure to the eye and have also been studied under the name form constants. The auditory effects of LSD may include echo-like distortions of sounds, changes in ability to discern concurrent auditory stimuli, and a general intensification of the experience of music. Higher doses often cause intense and fundamental distortions of sensory perception such as synesthesia, the experience of additional spatial or temporal dimensions, and temporary dissociation. The potential uses of LSD end of life anxiety, alcoholism, pain, cluster headaches, spiritual, and creativity. These are the potential adverse effects: adverse drug interactions, mental disorders, and suggestibility and also psychosis.

The White House and its Machinations in Latin & South Americ essays

The White House and its Machinations in Latin & South Americ essays The White House and its Machinations South of United States Borders I look forward to a great future for Americaa future in which our country will match its military strength with our moral restraint, its wealth with our wisdom, its power with our purpose. America was established not to create wealth but to realize a vision, to realize an idealto discover and maintain liberty among men. The United States government and its branches have throughout history ignored the meaning of these quotes, just as it has ignored human rights violations in the interest of capitalism. In Nicaragua a major anti-socialist group was committing atrocities: Rape, starvation, and disciplinary tethering were tortures that new contra recruits were forced to endure. The contras were supported unconditionally by Washington and trained by the C. I. A. In Chile the Pinochet military junta murdered thousands of Allendes supporters. The regime was backed fully by the White House. Over the course of the past century and a half, economic and strategic interests were put above all moral and ethical priorities when involved in foreign countries. This nations leaders consistently express pride in the rights to freedom and justice, yet have exemplified the perfect contrary through the governments behavior in Cuba, Chile, Panama, Nicaragua, and Venezuela. The hypocrisies and lies perpetrated by the American government were extensive and deleterious to its good name, and the actions taken by this notorious government were crippling to our Latin American neighbors. Take, for example, Cuba. This island country has had a history of Communism, even under Batista, ruler before Fidel Castro came to power. He had appointed to his cabinet the first avowed Communist ever to serve in any Western government. (Smith, 316) However, Cuba has been a target of American hostility ever since Castro took power. The United Stat...

Zara spanish clothing company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Zara spanish clothing company - Essay Example The above operational characteristic of Zara is considered as one of its major competitive advantages towards its rivals. The firm has also managed to fully avoid outsourcing, a target that has not been achieved by other retailers. In this context, British retailers, like H&M and Benetton, and USA retailers, like Walmart and J.C. Penny, prefer outsourcing all parts of their supply chain, apart from the quality control phase (Ray 2010, p.324). On the other hand, the above retailers seem to have different competitive priorities from Zara. Indeed, these firms focus more on the development of high quantities of clothes, aiming to avoid sending new ranges to their stores on a daily basis, a common practice in Zara (Gourdin 2006). Rather, they set specific time points for sending new ranges to their stores; these ranges will be appropriately aligned with the market demands, in terms of quantity and quality. There are retailers that have tried to minimize the time spent between the producti on line and the store, like Mango, a Spanish retailer, (Leeman 2010); however, still, the time of response to the customers’ needs is more than in Zara. Keeping the standards of their brand name, meaning the characteristics of their products as of their design and quality, is the key competitive priority for retailers in the particular industry. For Zara, responding to the preferences of customers on a continuous basis is the key strategic priority, as reflected in the firm’s supply chain strategy. Currently, Zara is able to launch a new collection quite rapidly; in fact, the average time required for the firm’s new ranges to reach its stores is about 15 days (Rushton and Walker 2007). Moreover, the firm keeps certain of its facilities spare, meaning its trucks and warehouses, so that it is able to respond to emergent market needs without having to wait for completing a pending order (Mangan, Lalwani

Computer Crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Computer Crimes - Essay Example A foreign terrorist, who launched the attack to cause billions of dollars in damage to the U.S. economy, is pointing towards the incident of 9/11 on The World Trade Center in America. America suspects that the attack on World Trade Center was a pre-planned assault by the foreign terrorists. Foreign terrorist with the help of computer gets the details of the plane and moreover programmed the plan in a matter that it's all breaks get failed, the satellite settings for the plane to give signals on airport were cut off and nothing can stop the plan from hitting the twin tower, the World Trade Center at day time when the building was in full bloomed with people. This hit not only damages the buildings and gave the loss of billions of money but also destroys the number of American families. This was a crucial computer terrorism spread all over the world. Criminals for such kind of crimes should not only stay far from the computer but they should stay away from their loved ones as they sepa rate many American family members. They must be kept in the jail for all life long in a place where they can’t see the world or can hear what is going around. To cure from such crimes, state should be strict before allowing immigrants to pass the immigration for the country.

Intro letter to my teacher Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Intro letter to my teacher - Essay Example For example, using sophisticated jargons to a layman to describe something would not be very effective communication. Or, using a colloquial tone while writing to someone who deserves more respect is hardly the best idea. First writing often needs a revision. I think while we are writing, we are simultaneously thinking ahead for the next word, line or paragraph. More often than not, this can easily lead to silly errors. This is where revising comes in handy. Also, it helps in properly structuring the written work. I think one improves better if one knows what to work on. Self-reflection can bring in some ideas, but the best feedback is one that comes from the general public. I would greatly appreciate constructive criticism of my writing style and look forward to improving upon it. The professionals in finance are engaged in several different activities. Some are bankers, some handle corporate finance for large and small companies, some are asset managers, and some specialize in advisory business and so

Discussing Principles of Universal Healthcare in the NHS

Discussing Principles of Universal Healthcare in the NHS The NHS was set up in 1948 in response to illness and poverty within the UK brought on by the Second World War. The vision was that the NHS would provide healthcare that is universal, comprehensive and free at the point of delivery (Klein 2004). This would suggest that the NHS would treat everyone regardless of class, origin, financial status and illness and free it would be free to all. This essay will discuss these principles with reference to current NHS policy. The inception of the NHS was influenced by the release of the Beveridge Report in 1942 (Ham, C. 2009, pp.13-14). This report suggested that there were large amounts of sickness and ill health within communities following the war and formed the notion that a service providing healthcare to the whole population without charge would reduce sickness and ill health. Beveridge (1942) also stated that as health in the UK increased the money required to fund the NHS would reduce and people would live in a healthier society with healthier workforces. However, what the Beveridge Report (1942) did not account for was the rise in life expectancy and the consequent rise in demand on NHS. As a result, instead of the expense of the NHS decreasing as suggested in the Beveridge report (1942) the opposite happened. This is identified in the Office of Health and Economics (2008) paper titled Sixty years of NHS expenditure and workforce and shows that the NHSs expenditure in its first year was  £447 m illion in contrast to the year 07/08 where its expenditure is estimated to be  £114,541 million. Dixon et al (1997) points out the fact the NHS experiences many demands in demographics, new technologies, and increasing expectations which lead to the increase in expenditure of the NHS that is not attainable even with increases in funding. This suggests that the ability to provide a comprehensive service is jeopardised in that if the NHS does not have the funding to sustain itself it questions how the NHS can keep up with expensive and continuously advancing medicine. Furthermore, with the expenditure the NHS requires to function effectively the ability to provide healthcare free at the point of delivery becomes vulnerable. Even the NHS Choices website states that not all healthcare is free as we have to pay for optical, dental, and for some people prescription charges. The argument presented is that exceptions to the principle free at the point of delivery, regardless if everything else is free, is a clear indicator that it is no longer free and therefore should not be regarded as such. However, The Institute for Innovation and Improvement attempts to provide some solutions to vast expenditure allowing the savings made to be utilised elsewhere in the health service. In their publication Prevention is better than cure suggests that prevention is more cost effective than treatment itself and points out, initiatives should aim to reach out to people to educate, advise and motive them to assist preventing them having complications later in life. An example of a prevention strategy is the smoking cessation service that can be accessed by anyone at GP surgeries and pharmacies (NHS Choices, no date). This illustrates organisations attempting to find ways to reduce later life complications and effectively reduce expenditure caused by these complications. The money saved from these interventions can be spent on more services to move towards a more comprehensive health service and also prolonging the funding required to provide these services free at the point of delivery. The Griffiths report (1983) provided Thatcher government with grounds to introduce general management and their Ring Wing ideology of internal markets and privatisation into the NHS (Ham, C. 2009, pp.32-39). The Griffiths report (1983) identified that the NHS was failing to use its resources effectively and efficiently. Therefore, the report suggested that the NHS required general managers to be appointed within the NHS structure. According to the report these managers would monitor budgets and cost effectiveness of the department, motivate staff, and to lead the department to continually look to improve the service. Furthermore, the Griffiths report (1983) pointed out the need for outsourcing to create competition. The Health Authorities outsource services with the reasoning that it would create competition and drive down the costs (Ham, C. 2009). Baggott (1997) evaluates the impact of the internal market. Baggott (1997) suggests that the purchasers of services were restricted due t o the budget in place and the providers were concerned with cutting cost. The article suggests that this resulted in a geographical difference in services provided and that some services that had been cut from the area were only provided on ability to pay privately. This goes against every founding principle of the NHS. The use of private companies within the NHS has continued with the Department of Health (2007) actually acknowledging this compromise on universalism in their publication Post code lottery of care that states that there is still unequal distribution of care dependant on the wealth of the area. However, on the positive side of things it means that the PCTs can invest in services which are needed by the local community instead of putting money into services unnecessarily. Furthermore, if the NHS services in an area does not provide a particular need of a patient but a nearby private establishment does the Labour government stated in their NHS 2000 plan that the private company could be used for that patient but paid for by the NHS (NHS plan 2000). Pollitt, C. et al (1991), produced a study regarding the effectiveness of the implementation of the Griffiths report recommendations from professionals within the NHS. The study by Pollitt, C. et al (1991) found that the general managers felt that they sometimes had to forget that there were patients in the hospital and push to drive to get long term patients back out into the community. This suggests that those patients requiring longer care are not getting a comprehensive service from the NHS in that their treatment time is not sufficient for their needs. Another drawback to the appointment of general managers was that they did not appreciate clinical matters which caused tensions and rifts to widen within the general management and clinician relationship (Pollitt, C. 1991, p.71). However, Ham,C. (2009) suggests that general managers have proved their worth in that they are necessary in order to implement, carry forward policies and push to meet targets and performance standards. W ith this in mind, it is important that health professionals beginning employment within the NHS are aware of the pressures regarding targets enforced by general managers. Health professionals will have to do their upmost to ensure that patients are getting the most out of the service before they are discharged in order to maintain a comprehensive service. The Black Report (1980) was an in-depth report into the inequalities between social classes in the UK. It clearly highlighted that people living in poverty had a higher mortality rate than the wealthier people in society. As a result, the Black Report (1980) suggested interventions to be put in place by the government in order to help these people improve their health status. The report suggested that the Government should make children and the disabled a priority and also that the Government should look to put in place preventative and educational strategies in place to assist in reducing inequalities in health. When this report was published the Thatcher Government were in power. Smith, T. (1990) states in his article that the Government rejected the proposals set out by the Black Report with their argument that the proposals were impractical and unachievable. Smith, T. (1990) also suggests that the Thatcher Government asserted their Right Wing ideologies that it is the peoples res ponsibility to look after their own health and not to expect the Government to intervene. Although this article is outdated it highlights how the Governments reaction was interpreted by the people at the time. Evidence of the Governments dismissal of the report is highlighted in Patrick Jenkins (Secretary of State for Social Services) foreword within the Black Report (1980). He clearly suggests that the proposals are unrealistic and clearly states that he will not endorse the proposals. Taking this into consideration it is clear that the Government at the time was not prepared to assist the poor in order to help them progress, improve their health, and improve their social status. As a result the inequalities between the wealthy and working class would remain. Considering these findings it is clear that the NHS and the Thatcher Government failed to provide a universal service. The issue of inequality was highlighted again in 1998 by the Acheson report following the Labour party being elected into power. This report illustrated many similarities to the Black report. The Labour government, with their intrinsic state intervention ideology, they set about tackling these inequalities rather than dismissing them (Bambra, C. et al 2005, p.190). It can be seen in the NHS plan (2000) that many of the inequality issues such as accessibility are being tackled within the NHS. Within the NHS plan (2000) there is a clear emphasis for health provisions to be moved out of the direct NHS setting such as GPs surgeries into the community to assist with accessibility. There are many health provisions in place that can be accessed at local pharmacies such as the minor ailments scheme, smoking cessation, weight loss programmes (NHS Choices, no date). NICE (2008) published a paper regarding the smoking cessation schemes in place in pharmacies. The paper suggests that pharmacies are more accessible for patients in deprived areas who possibly find accessibility difficult. Moreover, the paper suggests that pharmacies have the ability to treat a larger number of patients due to location and later opening hours. This is a clear demonstration of the Government actively putting policies in place to achieve the principle of a universal NHS by extending accessibility. As a result healthcare professionals may find themselves working in the community rather than in a hospital setting. Therefore, professionals such as physiotherapist may find themselves working in the community setting where there may not be the same equipment found in the hospital setting. Therefore, these professionals will need to adapt and find ways to achieve successful programmes without the assistance of expensive equipment. However it should also be noted that there is an underlying cost saving benefit for the Government when implementing community projects. Baqir (2011) has recently published a paper looking at the minor ailments scheme in place in the North East of England. Their results demonstrated an approximate saving of  £80,000 per annum as a result of the scheme. The study points out that the majority of this savings comes from freeing GP resources allowing GPs to focus their attention to more complex patients. It should be noted that this source may pose bias as it was funded by The School of Pharmacy, Health and Wellbeing who would obviously have a vested interest in the pharmacy sector gaining health contracts. In spite of these efforts to tackle inequalities in healthcare The Marmot Review (2010) demonstrates that these inequalities in health still exist today suggesting that the health initiatives and policies laid out by the Governments have not eradicated this issue bringing into quest ion the NHS principle of universalism. Old Labours Left Wing ideologies go against the internal market and privatisation created within the NHS by the Thatcher government (Ham, C. 2009, p.51). However, New Labour recognised that the integration of private companies within the NHS had some advantage (Ham, C. 2009, p.51). It is clear in the NHS plan (2000) that New Labour has moved further right from their left wing ideology and continues to allow the private sectors to have input into the NHS for the benefit of the NHS and the people using it. The plan suggests that the private sectors should work with the NHS and that the NHS should also be able to utilise its own expertise to provide the best possible healthcare to patients. In order for the NHS to become universal and free at the point of delivery the Government decided that if the NHS could not provide a particular service but a private hospital could the NHS would pay for the patient to be treated within the private hospital (NHS plan, 2000). This allows patients to r eceive their comprehensive treatment which they may not have been able to access previously without having to pay the private treatment costs. This clearly demonstrates the government working towards a comprehensive, universal, and free service which the NHS was founded upon. Nuffield Hospitals are an example of this in working practice. The website for Nuffield Hospitals state that NHS patients can be treated in these private hospitals paid for by the NHS. This is important for healthcare professionals working within private practices in that they should be aware that it is not always private paying clients that are treated in these hospitals. Furthermore, healthcare professionals in this environment must ensure they do not discriminate in these circumstances giving priority to paying clients. There are treatments being developed that the NHS is unwilling to provide patients as they are not cost effective. Under NICE guidelines, some drugs are just not cost effective enough to warrant funding on the NHS. NHS Choices (no date) clearly states that the NHS does not have unlimited money to spend on treatments and therefore they must decide which treatments are of benefit with regards to their cost and effectiveness and they depend on NICE to provide the evidence to base these decisions. This example highlights the criticism that the NHS is no longer comprehensive. However, with technology and research constantly moving forward and the formation of new but very expensive interventions it would be almost impossible to provide a comprehensive service that is equally distributed to all in need. The above example highlights the conflict between morals, in that the NHS attempts to provide for all eventualities however their funding restricts them in achieving this (NHS Choices, no d ate). The Foundation Trusts are a symbol of the Governments intentions to decentralise the health service as they are not regulated by the central government (Department of Health, 2005). The notion that these Trusts are free to do as they please with the tax payers money is worrying. However, this is not entirely true. They are monitored and inspected by the board of governors (Department of Health, 2005). The Foundation trusts aim is to provide healthcare to meet the populations needs whilst meeting the founding principles of the NHS (Department of Health, 2005). However, when analysing A Short Guide to NHS Foundation Trusts publication made by the Department of Health in 2005 there is no mention of two of the principles. The fact that the Foundation Trusts, who directly affect what services are available to the people of their area, do not consider two of the founding principles of comprehensiveness and universalism is highly significant in highlighting that these two principles are no longer at the forefront of the NHS services. In summary the NHS is no longer universal, comprehensive or free at the point of delivery. It is not universal due to the fact that different areas pick their own differing services so there is no consistency in what the NHS provides. It is not comprehensive because it fails to offer all treatments available due to lack of funding. It is not free at the point of delivery due to the charges placed upon dental, optical and prescriptions. This essay has pointed out that the NHS and Government does strive to achieve the NHSs founding principles however as a result of the expenditure rising year on year within the NHS it would appear that all three principles cannot be achieved collectively. As pointed out by the NHS choices website there is not enough funding to be able to provide every single treatment to everyone in need of it whilst it is still free of charge. Future recommendations would be that if the Government is unable to provide a treatment to all in need of it, it should not be licensed for supply either on prescription or privately. This compromises the comprehensive principle of the NHS but at least it is equal and fair to all regardless of social status. Furthermore, in order for the companies providing expensive treatment to keep business it would have to strive to lower the price of their services. As a result, this recommendation may have a positive effect on the comprehensiveness of the NHS. The main issue highlighted in findings of this essay is that all three founding principles cannot be achieved collectively. However, what is apparent throughout the evidence presented is that organisations are still striving to achieve the founding principles within the NHS. This would therefore suggest that the principles are still present in the making of current policy, however, they have not been fully achieved.

About Hajj :: Papers

About Hajj A Muslim is obliged once in their lifetime ,by their religion along with their own will, to take a pilgrimage to Makkah in Saudi Arabia. This pilgrimage is called Hajj and is an amazing journey that is done for a definite purpose. It is part of the Five Pillars of Islam that is the basis of the entire religion making it obligatory. Through completing Hajj, a Muslim can begin to feel closer to Allah (Islam's God) and experience inner fulfilment. Hajj must be done for the right reasons, "it is for the glory of Allah not for the glory of the person making the journey." Hajj literally means 'to set out for a place', it's a journey with rites and rituals along the way. The Qu'ran calls Muslims to 'complete the Hajj or Umrah in the service of Allah'. For generations, the journey a Muslim takes has always started in Makkah. This place is sacred because in 10AH, 632 CE, Muslim's believe that Muhammad (pbuh)- Islam's most famous prophet - performed Hajj with 1400 of his followers because Allah instructed him to. He also lived and preached in Makkah during his lifetime. Since Muhammad's pilgrimage, Makkah has been sacred to all Muslim's. They want to follow in the footsteps of Muhammad and the prophets Adam, Ibrahim and Isma'il as they believe that Allah is there to guide them through life just as he guided the prophets. Makkah is classed as Holy Ground and people go there to change their life as they wash away their sins. They believe that Hajj and Makkah makes them a better person. Hajj must take place at certain times because of its historic roots. It is to be taken place between 8 and 13 Dhu'l Hijjah, the twelfth month of the lunar calendar. If a Muslim journeys at another time, it's known as 'Umrah' (a lesser pilgrimage that can be taken at any time). The significance of this journey isn't as great as Hajj and the journey isn't counted as a completion of the fifth pillar.

From Modernism to Postmodernism in Art Essay

In order to understand modernism and postmodernism, it is essential to know where the ideas, values and events during these paradigmatic shifts. Essentially, the context of modernism and postmodernism, its ideals and moral imperatives, must be seen in the context that precedes it. This paper seeks to describe the shift from modernity to post-modernity in art and literature by understanding the ideals and imperatives that existed during these periods. A premise for understanding these paradigms in art and literature is to understand the paradigm that it overthrew, and present how historical context provides the logic behind the changes that occurred. The paper is divided into 3 major sections, first of which is a description of the romantic, pre-modernist era and why artists collectively shifted to modernity. Secondly, the utopian ideals and moral imperatives of modernist schools of art and thought are rediscovered. Lastly, the shift to the postmodernist paradigm is explored through the works during the transitions between modernism and postmodernism. Romanticism to Modernism Modernism is arguably a response to the paradigms that precede it, namely Romanticism. Romanticism in art and literature started at the early 19th century as a response to the wars and belief systems during the time. The moral imperatives during the time are concerned with religious iconography in relation to the clamor of states for independence. The imageries in art and literature inculcate these ideals. Art is concerned with propagating virtues that are marriages of the ideas of state and religion. Nationalism, truth and faith are only few of the features of art and literature. Fundamentally, art and literature is laden with symbolisms of greatness and goodness such that nature, radical notions of freedom and equality, reality and reason. Morality is seen as an artist’s virtue. The individual’s subjective experience is at the pedestal of art and literature. The trend is exemplified in Delacroix’s (1830) Liberty Leading the People. It is a lucid presentation of war where the symbolism of liberty is a woman carrying a flag. It is realist in its depiction and shows contrasting imageries of death, destruction and oblivion, on one hand, and of liberty, greatness and collective action of a people for a common good, on the other hand. What became the impetus for change in the prevailing romantic trend in art and literature? The stability of industrial revolution’s growth is not perpetual. Moral imperatives concerned with virtues of truth and spirituality, and the utopian ideals of freedom and equality were challenged by an undercurrent. There is a growing collective restlessness brought by ideas that challenged the status quo. The well-known of these ideas is in the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin that negated the dominant religious thought. Marx also came as a tour de force when he criticized the industrial revolution as fundamentally flawed. State and religion as social forces that are reflected in art and literature were overthrown with the anti-spiritual evolutionism and the anti-industrial/capitalist socialism. Modernism and its Ideals Modernism rose as a challenge to the status quo of romantic art and literature. It is despondent of the prevailing ideals and morals. In reality, modernism is a collective term for rises and falls of different genres of art and literature. Industrial revolution continued but its reflections in art and literature are marred and asymmetrical as opposed to the romantic acceptance of reality during the era that came before it. Industrial revolution is characterized by different emerging philosophies, innovations and scientific discoveries. Art during this time showed that new art styles and movements emerged and sank into oblivion at a moment’s pace. Deliberately, art and literature sought to render the moral imperatives of the status quo as sacrilegious. Artelino (n. d. ) wrote: â€Å"The history of modern art started with Impressionism. It all began in Paris as a reaction to a very formal and rigid style of painting – done inside studios and set by traditional institutions. † At first, the meanings and symbolisms of artworks were critiques to the status quo. However, the evolution of techniques and art genres became a sporadic phenomenon across Europe. Soon enough, the formal rigid styles were overthrown by non-formal and unconventional styles in art and literature. Modern art is quintessentially a movement coming from different vantage points that are experiencing similar historical contexts. In France, the creative process in the studio is scrapped for the environment. This is seen in the impressionist movement started by Claude Monet. Fauvism, using wild colors and taking impressionism to its limits, was championed by Henri Matisse (1905) in his Woman with a Hat. The industrial revolution is also characterized by mass production and consumption. The French developed an art genre that became a critique to mass production itself. Art Nouveau, French for ‘new art’, featured elegance and highly decorative styles and a dedication to natural forms. Artelino (n. d. ) describes that â€Å"(It) was an International art movement. The Germans called it Jugendstil, the Italians Liberty, the Austrians Sezessionsstil and the Spanish Arte joven. Art Nouveau was not restricted to painting or printmaking. It covered all forms of art – architecture, furniture, jewelry, glass and illustration. † Because of Art Nouveau’s high-priced artifacts it is difficult to be mass produced, making it a critique to mass production itself. One example is Horta’s (1898) museum which features Art Nouveau architecture. Victorian influences are overtures of the architecture, which is evidence that modernism is a two-fold response to its historical milieu. On one hand, a critique of the moral imperatives of a modern industrial economic-political system, and also an attempt to look back to more traditional art forms of the previous era. Modernism’s ideals posit a challenge to conventionality and rigidity, form and function of art during the genres that precede it and interestingly, genres within modernism clash and overthrow each other as the dominant art style. One example is art nouveau and art deco’s moral imperatives. While mass production is criticized in art nouveau by going back to fundamentals and looking forward to extravagance, art deco deemed that art must be mass produced. Art deco is simplified and easily mass produced form of art nouveau. Cubism as a modernist genre also criticizes the predominant trend in social institutions and modes of production by drawing influences from African art. This movement is spearheaded by Pablo Picasso (1921) as seen in Three Musicians. While drawing influences on African art, the painting also portrays hints of impressionism, and this is the reason why cubism is also considered as a post-impressionist art genre. This art form also paved the way for minimalism because of its principle of reducing complexities into simpler geometrical representations. Developments in psychology also paved way for surrealism, which is focused on interpreting the subconscious. Surrealist artwork is characterized by a dream-like ambience. Another critique towards modern art is its elite nature. Modern art is characterized by high art, art that is appealing to the elites in the society. Within modernism in art are evaluations to itself. Abstract art is a high art that does not appeal to a majority of people but is critically acclaimed by the high society. During this time, a new movement in modernism took art and mainstreamed it to the masses. This emerging response to abstract art and other forms of high art during modernism is popular art. Pop art challenges the principles of conventional art since it is something that the masses can relate to. Using common icons and symbols are prominent in the works of Andy Warhol (1962) such as Campbell’s Soup series. Pop art embraced advertising and marketing art as fine art, which makes it generally acceptable to everyone. The ethical consideration of pop art is that it is something that must not be monopolized by the high society. It is for everyone and it is seeing art in things that are common. From criticizing industrialization and the issues concerning the modern man, modernist art is also an anti-thesis unto itself. When different genres collide within modernism, new art forms and techniques emerge. Such is the makings of modern art that it spawned groundbreaking genres. Sensibilities of people also reflect the changes that occurred in societies at the time of modern art. Response to Modernism: The Rise of Postmodernism? Postmodernist art is considered a response to modernism. While modernism is about negating tradition and â€Å"discovering radically new ways to make art† (Wikipedia 2007), â€Å"postmodernism describes movements which both arise from, and react against or reject, trends in modernism† (Krauss, 1986). Postmodernism is making use of â€Å"pastiche and discontinuity† instead of taking reference of spontaneity and direct expression (Harrison and Wood, 1992). Postmodernist art divorces itself from moral imperatives and ideals per se. It is intrinsically questioning both variables in art itself. Postmodernism destroys boundaries of high art and low art while at the same time challenging the notion of what art is. Wikipedia (2007) describes postmodernist art as: â€Å"one that rejects modernism’s grand narratives of artistic direction, eradicating the boundaries between high and low forms of art, and disrupting genre’s conventions with collision, collage, and fragmentation. Postmodern art holds that all stances are unstable and insincere, and therefore irony, parody, and humor are the only positions that cannot be overturned by critique or revision. † Surprisingly, the boundary between late modernism and postmodernism is a grey area where post modern art are sometimes considered late modern, and vice versa. Post modern art believes that there is nothing new or avant garde, and it debunks artistic genius and beauty itself. It confuses, because the objective is subjective and subjectivity is confusing itself. It promotes ideologies while debunking it altogether. Conclusion The shift from modernity to postmodernism is reflective of the changes that occurred in post-conflict, post-industrial, post-ideological world we live in. It represents globalization in its redefinition of identities and its ideals are far from utopian. Moral imperatives are thrown altogether in so far as art and its traditions are concerned. Moreover, it does not conform to black and white, good and evil or beautiful and ugly distinctions that were features of art itself. But post modern art is not devoid of moral imperatives and ideals. The ideals and morality within postmodernism is a realization of the non-existence of such notions of utopia and grandeur. References: Artelino (n. d. ) Modern Art Movements. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from < http://www. artelino. com/articles/modern_art_periods. asp> Delacroix, E (1830) Liberty Leading the People. 102. 4 ? 128. 0 in Louvre, Paris. Oil painting. Harrison and Wood (1992). Art in Theory. 1900-2000: An Anthology of Changing Ideas. Blackwell Publishing. Krauss, R. E. (1986) The originality of the avant garde and other modernist myths. MIT Press. Reprinted July 1986, Part 1 , Modernist Myths. Matisse, Henri. (1905) Woman with a Hat. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Painting. Picasso, P. (1921)Three Musicians. New York: Museum of Modern Art. Oil Painting on Canvas. Warhol, A. (1962) Campbell’s Soup Cans. 20 ? 16 inches. Museum of Modern Art. (32 synthetic polymer paint on canvas series displayed by year of introduction) Wikipedia (2007). Postmodern art. Wikipedia. Org. retrieved March 14, 2008 from < http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Postmodern_art#_ref-Harrison1014_0>

Free Essays on Kabuki

Kabuki is one of Japan's traditional theatrical arts. Its inception goes back to the latter part of the 16th century and, with extensive and continuous evolution, it has flourished and remains a very popular dramatic art form in Japan drawing large audiences across the country. During the period generally referred to as the Edo Era, during which much of the development of kabuki took place, distinction between the warrior class and the commoners was more rigidly observed than at any other time in Japan's history. The art of kabuki was cultivated mainly by the merchants in those days. They had be come increasingly powerful economically, but had to remain socially inferior as they belonged to the commoner class. To them kabuki was perhaps most significant as the artistic means by which to express their emotions under such conditions. Thus, the fundamental themes of kabuki plays are conflicts between humanity and the feudalistic system. It is largely due to this humanistic quality of the art that it gained such an enduring popularity among the general public of those days and remains this way today. A unique feature of the kabuki art is the fact that it has no actresses whatsoever. All female parts are played by male impersonators known as onnagata. The players of the kabuki drama in its primitive stage were principally women, and with the increasing popularity of kabuki, many of the actresses began to attract undue attention from male admirers. The authorities felt that this would lead to a serious demoralization of the public and in 1629 the theatrical appearance of women was officially banned. However, since kabuki as an art form was already accepted by the public, men immediately took over and have continued performing to the present. The ban on actresses was in effect for about 250 years. In the mean time kabuki brought to perfection the art of the onnagata. As a result, there was no room for actresses in kabuki whe... Free Essays on Kabuki Free Essays on Kabuki Kabuki is one of Japan's traditional theatrical arts. Its inception goes back to the latter part of the 16th century and, with extensive and continuous evolution, it has flourished and remains a very popular dramatic art form in Japan drawing large audiences across the country. During the period generally referred to as the Edo Era, during which much of the development of kabuki took place, distinction between the warrior class and the commoners was more rigidly observed than at any other time in Japan's history. The art of kabuki was cultivated mainly by the merchants in those days. They had be come increasingly powerful economically, but had to remain socially inferior as they belonged to the commoner class. To them kabuki was perhaps most significant as the artistic means by which to express their emotions under such conditions. Thus, the fundamental themes of kabuki plays are conflicts between humanity and the feudalistic system. It is largely due to this humanistic quality of the art that it gained such an enduring popularity among the general public of those days and remains this way today. A unique feature of the kabuki art is the fact that it has no actresses whatsoever. All female parts are played by male impersonators known as onnagata. The players of the kabuki drama in its primitive stage were principally women, and with the increasing popularity of kabuki, many of the actresses began to attract undue attention from male admirers. The authorities felt that this would lead to a serious demoralization of the public and in 1629 the theatrical appearance of women was officially banned. However, since kabuki as an art form was already accepted by the public, men immediately took over and have continued performing to the present. The ban on actresses was in effect for about 250 years. In the mean time kabuki brought to perfection the art of the onnagata. As a result, there was no room for actresses in kabuki whe... Free Essays on Kabuki While reading the short story â€Å"Flower-Eating Crone† by Enchi Fumiko, the one obstacle that I had with the text dealt with the Kabuki theatre. I kept wondering what the Kabuki theatre was all about, since it was mentioned throughout the story. I have very little experience with Japanese culture, so I thought it would be a good idea to see what exactly the Kabuki theatre entails. I feel this topic is significant because it seems like Kabuki theatre plays a major role in the Japanese culture. I feel the following information would only enhance a reader’s understanding of this story if they actually knew a little background on the aesthetics of the Kabuki theatre. I’m going to give a brief explanation about certain key aspects of the Kabuki theatre and these aspects are the background, repertoire, the aesthetic elements, the stage, and finally the actors. Kabuki theatre is one of Japan’s traditional theatrical art programs. The Kabuki theatre started around the 16th century in the period known as the Edo Era century. This was the period in which Kabuki developed the most. The merchant class was the class that did most of the groundwork for the Kabuki theatre. To the commoners Kabuki theatre was a way to express their emotions about their living conditions. (i.g. social class difference). The feudalistic system and conflicts between humanity are the two main themes that are found throughout each play. This form of theatre is constantly evolving and making changes for the better. Kabuki theatre does have a big following among the Japanese. The thing about Kabuki theatre that amazed me the most is the fact the males play both female and male roles. Yes this means that there are no female actresses in Kabuki theatre. These males are known as onnagata. The use of woman was banned in 1629 in order to protect the public from demoralization. Kabuki theatre has a huge repertoire of around 300 plays. This number is s... Free Essays on Kabuki Japan’s dances and dramas as they are seen today contain 1300 years of continuous uninterrupted history. This prodigious feat of conservation, theatrically speaking, makes Japan an extraordinary and unique country. In all of Asia, where tradition generally is sanctified and change eschewed, Japan stands as the only country whose theatre is its entirety has never suffered an eclipse nor undergone any drastic revivification or renovation. The most traditional form of Japanese theatre is kabuki. Its origin goes back to the latter part of the 16th century and, with extensive and continuous evolution, it has now been perfected into a state of classical refinement. Though not as flourishing as it once was, the kabuki theatre retains wide popularity among the people, and is in fact drawing quite large audiences even now. During the period generally referred to as the Edo Era, during which much of the development of kabuki took place, distinctions between the warrior class and the commoners was more rigidly observed than at any other time in Japan's history. Mainly the merchants cultivated the art of kabuki in those days. They had become increasingly powerful economically, but had to remain socially inferior as they belonged to the commoner class. To them kabuki was most significant as the artistic means by which to express their emotions under the prevailing conditions. Thus, the fundamental themes of kabuki plays are conflicts between humanity and the feudalistic system. It is largely due to this humanistic quality of the art that it gained such an enduring popularity among the general public of those days and remains this way today. A unique feature of the kabuki art, and possibly the most significant detail and in keeping with the kabuki spirit of unusualness, is the fact that it has no actresses whatsoever (Bowers 325). Male impersonators known as onnagata play all female parts. The players of the kabuki drama in its primitive stage...